Notes

Matches 2,261 to 2,280 of 2,970

#	Notes	Linked to
2261	http://www.rootsweb.com/%7Eonwellin/pioneers/rea_john1.htm REA, John (d.), brother of David Rea, was b, in Co. Antrim, Ireland, and came with his brother to Canada as mentioned, settling near Lachute, and later came to Eramosa Tp., where he purchased lot 24, con. 2, and there settled. This farm he cleared and later sold to Alexander McGladdery, who came in at the same time. He later purchased lots 31 and 32, con. 2, 300 acres, which he cleared, and on this farm he passed the remainder of his days, passing away in 1854. He was a very successful man, of strict integrity, and a Presbyterian. He was a Liberal in politics, He m. Catharine Forrester. Issue: David, Mrs. James S. Armstrong [error], of Fergus; William (d.), East Garafraxa; Mrs. Alex. Cooper, Orangeville; Charles (d.), East Garafraxa; Mrs. Jas. Semple, East Garafraxa; Mrs. McRory, London; John B., and Robert in Cal. David, b. Eramosa, in 1836, and was here raised and passed through all the experiences of pioneer life. He succeeded to a part of the homestead, 100 acres, lot 32, con. 2, and later bought lot 1, con. 1, West Garafraxa. He still owns the Eramosa farm. He took a very prominent part in the affairs of Eramosa, being in the Council for a number of years, and School Trustee for many years. He was a Director of the Central Wellington Agr. Soc. For over thirty years, and President five or six times. He was a Director of the Eramosa Mutual Fire Ins. Co., and President for several years. As a successful farmer and raiser of thoroughbred Shorthorn cattle he was well known, and took a great many prizes at the various fairs throughout the district. He m. Jane, dau. of the late James S. Armstrong, of Fergus. Issue: Mrs. Logan Crag, Grand Valley.	Rea, John (I21304)
2262	http://www.rootsweb.com/%7Eonwellin/pioneers/rea_john2.htm REA, John , b. Co. Antrim, Ire. 1833, where he was raised and educated. He came to Canada in 1856 and set. in Eramosa. The following year, Isabella Reid, to whom he had become engaged in Ireland, joined him and they were married. They set. on the farm of 100 acres which he had purchased, lot 30, con. 4, Eramosa, which he cleared, and at this old home they are at this writing passing the sunset of their long and useful lives, respected by the community, of which they have been active members for fifty years. Both John Rea and his wife have taken a deep interest in church matters, he having been an Elder of the Presbyterian church for thirty-five years. In politics he is a Liberal. Of their family: Dr. James Rea was a graduate of Victoria College, and also of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, with honors, in 1886. He became a leading physician in Toronto. He was also active in religious matters, being one of the Managers of the Y. M. C. A., as well as one of the Managers of Chalmers' Pres. Church, Toronto. He was a surgeon in the last Riel Rebellion. He d. in 1895, age 34 years. His widow and two children, Stella and Lillian survive him. The second son, William is retired at San Diego, Cal., and David I. also resides there, while two daughters Mrs. Douglas McGregor and Mrs. Geo. Foote, live in Eramosa. and Mrs. William Foote resides in Fergus. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto:Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	Rea, John (I20880)
2263	http://www.rootsweb.com/%7Eonwellin/pioneers/talbot_richard2.htm TALBOT, Richard, (d.), was b. Co. Kerry, Ire., 1802. He first came to the U.S. and set. in Maine, where he m. Johana Didgen. They came to Canada in the early fifties, and purchased and set. on lot 23, con. 5, Eramosa, and eventually he became the owner of 300 acres. With the exception of being School Trustee for some years, he never held office. He received a fair education in Ireland, and kept himself well posted on current affairs. He was a member of the Church of England, and in politics adhered to the Conservative party. He was a man of strong convictions, very energetic and successful in life. He d. in 1880, age 78 years. Issue: James, Mrs. Donald Gillies, Annie (d. unm.), Thomas and Richard. James m. Sarah Murphy, owned lot 30, con. 7. Thomas m. Annie Gahan, owns 150 acres lot 17, con. 4, Eramosa. No Issue. He is one of the substantial farmers of the section. Mr. Talbot and also his family are members of the Roman Catholic church, and in politics he is a Conservative. Richard m. Priscilla Campbell, and owned a farm, lot 22, con. 6, in Eramosa. He d. in 1899, age 43 years, leaving his widow and the following issue: Reuben R., Annie T., and William D. C. They are members of the Roman Catholic church. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto: Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	Talbot, Richard (I20752)
2264	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onvsr/death/deathindex_o_new.htm OAKES, Mary E., f, 20 May 1881, 24 years, Woolwich Twp., cause - inflammatory rheumatism of brain, w/o George Oakes, farmer, infm - James Oakes, inn keeper, Eramosa Twp (Wellington Co) 019803-81.	Easton, Mary (I20718)
2265	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onvsr/death/deathindex_pa-pe_new.htm PASMORE, William Julius, m, Mar. 18, 1915, 74 years, Canada, cause – pneumonia, 3 days failing heart, infm - R. H. J. Pasmore, Toronto, father – Robert Pasmore, mother - blank Mickle. Toronto (York Co) 002445-15.	Pasmore, Dr. William Julius (I20340)
2266	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onwellin/pioneers/croft_william.htm Biographical Sketches of Early Settlers of Wellington County CROFT, William (d.), b. Yorkshire, Eng., 1813, and came to Canada with his father, William Croft, Sr., and set. in Guelph in 1827. In 1833 he m. Ann Williamson, and in 1837 he purchased 100 acres lot 9, con. 5, Eramosa, where he finally settled. The late William, Croft was one of the first teamsters in the county, moving settlers from Hamilton to Guelph and the townships surrounding. His team took some of the people arrested during the troubles of 1837 to Hamilton. He also helped construct the Guelph and Goderich road. He cleared his farm in Eramosa, and became a prosperous and influential citizen. Issue: Thomas, Joseph, Robert, William G., Mrs. John Bolton, Mrs. Mutrie, and Mrs. Colson. Thomas is in Manitoba. Joseph, b. 1838, m. Ann Mutrie in 1868. Issue: William M., Mrs. William H., Jago, Thomas I., and Strachan D. He set. on lot 10, con. 6, Eramosa, in 1863; farmed successfully until 1895, when he also engaged in the cattle buying business. Robert, b. 1841, m. Ann E. Day in 1873. Issue: Alfred D., Ainley, Ernest, Stanley, Laura, Lillian, Ethel, and Ida. Of this branch, Alfred D., b. 1876, m. Charlotte Stovel. He lives on lot 12, con. 2, Eramosa. Issue: Alfreda. William G., b. 1845. He purchased a farm near Markdale and cleared it, living there about twenty years, and was very successful. In 1904 he sold his farm and retired to Rockwood, where he resides with his family. He m. Sarah Peters in 1876. Issue: Effie J., Lillie and Florence. Richard, b. 1847, learned the blacksmith's trade in Rockwood. He went to Illinois, and later to Leadville, where he d,. The Croft family are Methodists, and in politics adhere to the Liberal party. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto: Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	Croft, William (I20088)
2267	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onwellin/pioneers/duffield_family.htm DUFFIELD Family, The . The founder of this family was the late Henry Duffield, who, with his wife, five sons, and one daughter, came to Eramosa, in 1832. The late Henry Duffield was b. in Yorkshire, Eng., in 1775. He m. Hannah Strickland, in Eng. The Stricklands trace their family back to Henry VIII., and were real estate owners in Eng. Issue: John, Immanuel, Henry, Mrs. Joseph Parkinson, William and Strickland. The Duffield family were well educated in Eng., Henry was educated as a lawyer, while John taught school there. They came to Eramosa with means and purchased a large tract of land, about 800 acres, and took a leading position in the township from the start. They brought with them, from Eng., their love of sports, they were crack shots, and lovers of fine horses. John, as well as Henry, was Reeve of Eramosa for some years, and William was in the Council, and was Dep. Reeve. In fact, the family has always been a leading, successful and representative one. John, b. 1806, d. 1888. He m. Betsy Ward, and set. in Eramosa. Issue: George, William, Mrs. Alex. Goodfellow, and Annie, d. Of this branch, George. b. 1835, d. 1897, m. first, Elizabeth Benson. Issue: John, Mrs. Joseph Taylor, Mrs. Richard Carter, and Mrs. Jos. Carton. His second wife, Eliza Talbot. Issue: Mrs. Adam Boyle, James, Lena, and William. He was a Councillor, and Dep. Reeve, and a leading man in the district. Immanuel, m. first, Sarah Benham. Issue: William, Mrs. Wm. Kirby, James, Henry, John, Immanuel,.and Alfred. He m. second Harriet Darby. Issue: Hannah, and David. Henry, b. 1815, d. 1891, m. Mary A. Parkinson, in 1840. She was b. 1822, d. 1887. Issue: Mrs. Matthew French, Henry Jr., Mrs. Geo. Sockett, Mrs. Robt. Jestin, Lavinia, d. unm., Mrs. Henry Dixon, John, Joseph, Arthur, and Strickland. Henry [Jr.], was b. Eramosa Tp., in 1844. He succeeded his father on lot 18, con. 1, of Erin, where he owns 100 acres, and carries on mixed farming. He feeds cattle for market, and is one of the largest dealers in all kinds of stock, averaging a shipment every week of the year. He has been a very prosperous man, and has a first class farm, with everything up-to-date, enabling him to acquire a competency, with which he hopes soon to retire from active business. He is a member of the English church, and a Liberal. In 1867 he m. Sophia Jestin. Issue: Mrs. Edward Hodginson, Eramosa; Mrs. Thomas Clark, Rockwood; George, m. Sarah Johnson, and set. in Erin; they have one child; Alfred, unm., at home; Henry, unm., in Vancouver; Charles, m. Mary Lowery, set. Rockwood; James, m. Laura Patterson, set. Erin, and Mary. John, m. Hannah Boult, set. Eramosa. Issue: Strickland, Florence, Lena, Minnie, Laura, Charles, John, and Frederick. Joseph m. Lydia Swayze, set. Man. Issue: Edwin, Marion, Albert and Joseph. Arthur, m. Kate McCarthy, set. Guelph City. Issue: Archibald and Alexander. Strickland m. Florence Hawkins, and owns the old Henry Duffield homestead, lot 13, con. 3. Issue: Hazel, May, Lindsay, and Norman. William, b. 1822; d. 1903. He m. Olive Gerow, and set. on lot 3, con. 1, Eramosa. Issue: Mrs. Henry Hortop and Charles. Of this branch Charles m. Janet Lamb. Issue:. William. He owns 190 acres, a part of the old homestead cleared by his father and there resides. Strickland, Sr., m. Ann Hamilton. He was hotel keeper in Rockwood for years. His widow now lives there retired. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto:Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	Duffield, Henry (I20233)
2268	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onwellin/pioneers/lister_isaac.htm LISTER, Isaac (d.), was b. Yorkshire, Eng., 1810, and came to Canada in 1843. There were three brothers in this family who came to Canada, viz: John, Jonathan, and Isaac. They were sons of Joseph Lister, who was a brother of James Lister, and descendants of Sir Joseph Lister, the famous physician. John, unm. was in a ware-house in England, and was about eighty when he d. in Eramosa. Jonathan, was one of the first pioneers in Eramosa, in the N.-W. corner of the Tp. He was b. in Yorkshire, Eng., but went to Scipio, N.Y., and came from there to Eramosa in the early twenties. Isaac, m. Ann Brodie. Issue: Mrs. Shields, Joseph, and Thomas, in Toronto. The late Isaac Lister d. in 1890, age 80 years. Of this family, Joseph, b. 1834, m. Hannah Benham in 1861. He owns Lot 2, con. 5, Eramosa, 100 acres, settled on by his uncle, besides other property in the township, and is one of the successful citizens of the section, where he has passed his long and useful life. He is a member of the Anglican church, and a Conservative. He is a lover of fine horses, and has fine stock. Issue: Anna, at home; John, Mrs. Henry Dakes, James, and George. John m. Hannah Knowles, and lives in Nassagewaya. James (d.), m. Miss Grieves, and lived in Rockwood. George is at home. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto:Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	Lister, Isaac (I20393)
2269	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onwellin/pioneers/mcnabb_william.htm MCNABB, William (d.) b. Perthshire, Scot., 1809; d. 1892. He came to Canada and Eramosa in 1844. He m. Agnes Thomson in Scot. in 1844. She d. in 1895, age 75 years. He bought, at first, 100 acre of land. His mother and brother Archibald came with him. In making the trip, they became lost in the woods with their ox team, between Hamilton and Eramosa. Archibald, set. on lot 2, in the same concession. Issue of the late William McNabb: Margaret, William, Jr., John, Beatrice (d.) ; Agnes, Charles, and Alleson. Mr. McNabb, was very successful in life, and from a small beginning, became the possessor of 600 acres of land, besides other property. He took an active interest in the Pres. church, and was one of the promoters of the church at Rockwood. He was a man of action, rather than words, and a man whose word was considered as good as his bond. In politics, he was a Liberal. John, b. 1848, m. Annie McCallum, in 1882. He set on lot 5, con. 6, in 1877, and has lived there since. He makes a specialty of thoroughbred Shorthorn cattle, keeping about thirty head. He has been School Trustee and Secy.-Treas. of the Pres. church for over thirty years. Issue: William, Malcolm and John D. Charles, b. 1852, set. first on lot 3, con. 7, but in 1902 moved to the old homestead. He makes a specialty of standard bred carriage horses, and also keeps a small herd of thoroughbred Shorthorns. He was Councillor of Eramosa for four years. In 1877, he m. Mary Torrance. Issue: Archibald, and Jean. Alleson, m. John Walker, and set. in the North-West. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto:Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	McNabb, William (I20361)
2270	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onwellin/pioneers/mutrie_family.htm MUTRIE Family, The . The first representative of this old and prominent family in Canada, was the late John Mutrie, who was b. in Lanarkshire, Scot., in 1780. After leaving school, he enlisted in the British Navy, and served under Lord Nelson ten years, and was on the battleship with Lord Nelson at Trafalgar, when the latter received his fatal wound. After getting his discharge from the navy, he returned home and m. Janet Wilson, and a few years after, they came to Canada with their family, and set. in Nichol, where he purchased 100 acres of land, con. 8, and there lived until his death in 1870, age 86 years. He wife d. in 1866, age 85. Issue: William, John, Mrs. John Blackley, and James. William, b. in Scot, came to Canada in youth with his parents. He was raised in Nichol, and in early manhood, in 1843, he purchased 200 acres, lot 23 , con. 4, and lot 23, con. 3, Eramosa Tp. This farm he cleared, and passed the remainder of his days upon. He was a broadminded man, and while he never held municipal office, he was a staunch Liberal, and took a active interest in the political questions of the day, and also found time to devote to religious, educational and other matters, for the betterment of the community. He was on the Board of Managers of the Pres. church for years; a Director of the Eramosa Agricultural Society, and its President for a term of years. He was very successful and left a competency at the time of his death. Issue: Lt.-Col. John, Mrs. Joseph Croft, William, Jr., (d. unm.); James Jr.; George, Mrs. Alex. McIntosh, Mrs. John Sunter, Andrew, Thomas, Barrie, Mrs. Wm. Forrester, Maggie (d. young), and Joseph. Lt.-Col. John, b. Eramosa, where he has always lived. He m. first, Margaret Dow. Issue: William, James, Mary, and Robert. His second wife was Margaret Allan. As a public man. Lt.-Col. John Mutrie, is one of the best known in Wellington Co. He was three years a Councillor, three years Deputy Reeve, and ten years Reeve of Eramosa, by acclamation. He was also two years Warden of Wellington Co. In 1894, he was elected to the Ontario Legislature for South Wellington, and was re-elected in 1898. In 1866, he enlisted in the Eramosa Rifle Company, No. 6, and served in the Fenian Raid. He later held the offices successively of Sergeant, Lieutenant, Captain, and Major and later Lt.-Col., of the Thirtieth Wellington Rifles, from which position he retired and accepted the position of Musketry Instructor of Military District No. 1. He resides on the old homestead in Eramosa, and owns 270 acres of land, which is in a high state of cultivation. James, Jr., m. Isabella Whitelaw, and for years owned 200 acres, lot 32, con. 3, Eramosa, which he sold. He is at present connected with the O. A. C. Guelph. Issue: William, Isabella, Jennie, and George W. George, m. Millie Clark, and is a miller in Grand Valley; Andrew, m. Caroline Brooks, and owns a dairy in Vancouver; Thomas, unm., is a successful farmer near Portage La Prairie; Barrie, in Eramosa; Joseph is a jeweller and P. M. at Wolseley N. W. T.	Mutrie, John (I20422)
2271	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onwellin/pioneers/parkinson_family.htm PARKINSON Family, The. Preston, Lancashire, Eng. , was the birth-place of the older members of this family. The late Joseph Parkinson, Sr., was b. 1787, and m. Ellen Hodkinson. The Parkinsons have been yeomen in Eng. for generations, but Joseph Parkinson, Sr., became a shoemaker, and carried on this business successfully for a few years. During the Napoleonic wars the price of agricultural produce became very high in Eng., and he embarked in farming on a large scale. After the Battle of Waterloo, in 1815 prices became demoralized, and he made large losses. In 1818 the late Mr. Parkinson put the remnant of his property into money, and with his family emigrated to the U.S., settling in Susquehana Co, Pa., and three years later they removed to Seneca Lake, N.Y., where he accumulated quite a little property. In 1824 the younger portion of the inhabitants called upon him for a contribution for powder with which to celebrate the Fourth of July. This was contrary to his British instincts, and he flatly refused their request, as a consequence they placed the cannon in close proximity to his house and shattered his windows. He immediately resolved to leave the country, and selling out his property, he loaded his household effects on an ox cart, and with his family walked to Canada. They arrived in Dundas early in the spring, and Mr. Parkinson worked at his trade there during the summer, sending his sons to Eramosa to take possession of 1,100 acres of land that he had bargained for in that township. He and the others of his family joined them in the fall of 1824, and set. on lot 12, con. 1, where he lived until his death in 1851. The late Mr. Parkinson was a Magistrate in Eramosa for many years. Issue: Thomas, Mrs. William Tolton, George, John, James, Sr., Joseph, Jr., Lazarus, Sr., Mrs. Thomas Bolton and Mrs. James Buchart, b. in England; and Mrs. Henry Duffield, b. in Canada. Thomas, b. 1806, m. Rhoda Smith and lived in Eramosa until his death. Issue: Elisha, Mrs. William Hodkinson, Mrs. Snelling and Mrs. Adam Cripps. George, b. 1808, d. 1839. He m. Sarah Croft. One son, Joseph lives at Thornbury, none of the others are living. John, b. 1813, m. and went to U.S. James, Sr., b. 1815, d. 1880. He m. first Mary Coates Sunley; second Susan Anderson. He moved to Stratford, and d. there. Joseph, Jr., b. 1816, d. in 1881. He m. Hannah Duffield, b. 1817, d. 1889. He owned and lived on lot 12, con. 1, Eramosa (137 acres). He was an extensive farmer, as well as one of the pioneer merchants in Eramosa. He built a general store on the corners, which he ran successfully for some years, and used to team his goods from Hamilton. He brought the first thorough bred cattle and Leicester sheep into Eramosa, and made a specialty in this line for years. While a true Briton, he as well as his brother Lazarus and many of the best and most substantial citizens of the district, including the late James Benham, and the late James Peters were opposed to the regime, previous to 1837 and 1838, and took sides with Mackenzie. The sterling character of these men can be appreciated, as they knew that the risk so taken might mean the loss of their lives, as well as of the property they had so dearly earned. They were incarcerated for three months in Hamilton and then released. Posterity is to-day profiting by their seeming disloyalty. Issue of the late Joseph Parkinson: Henry (d. age 26), Joseph 3rd, Lazarus, Jr.; James, Jr. (d. 18); Leonard, Ernest, Mrs. Henry Reed, Mrs. James Benham, Mrs. James Tolton, Mrs. John Miller, and Mrs. Robert Armstrong. Of this branch, Joseph 3rd m. Maggie McQueen, set. Eramosa. Issue: Hannah and Josephine. Lazarus, Jr., m. Jane Tolton. In 1881 he moved to Bruce Co. and bought 200 acres in Greenoch, later renting an additional 200 acres. He here carried on the cattle grazing business successfully for twenty-five years, also making a specialty of Oxforddown sheep, taking first prizes for the latter at Walkerton and other fairs., In 1904 he sold out his interests in Bruce Co. and returned to Eramosa, purchasing 200 acres. lot 15, cons. 1 and 2, where he now resides. He carries on mixed farming, making a specialty of Oxforddown sheep. Issue: Eleanor, Marion, Hannah, Henry and Stanley. Leonard, m. Hannah Sunley, June 17th, 1882, and owns and farms 100 acres, lot 13, con. 1, Eramosa. He previously resided six years in Greenoch Tp., Bruce Co. In company with his brother Ernest, he carries on the breeding and dealing in Lincolnshire sheep. They are among the largest breeders in this line, in Wellington Co. Issue: Eliza, Jane, Hannah and Henry. Ernest, m. Alice Buckle, March 8th, 1894, and owns and lives on 230 acres, the old farm of Joseph Parkinson, Jr., where he farms on an extensive scale. He has never sought municipal honors, although often requested. He gave his utmost efforts to the Reform party, and was appointed Magistrate at the early age of 26 years. Issue: Ethel, Joseph, John, Florence, George A., and Ada M. Lazarus, Sr., b. 1817, d. 1886, n. Lavinia Duffield. She d. 1901, age 74 years. He owned and lived on the old Joseph Parkinson, Sr., homestead. He was a Disciple preacher as well as a farmer, and was one of the most notable men in the community. He was a man of strong physique, and the great champion plowman of the section; an active man in every department of life. Mr. Parkinson was a school trustee for years, Deputy Receiver of Eramosa, and for a long time President of the S. Wellington Reform Association, and President of the Eramosa Mutual Fire Ins. Co. As a breeder of thoroughbred cattle and Leicester cheep he was a pioneer and followed it successfully for a long period. Issue: Mrs. Isaiah Royce, Joseph Howard, Emma, (d.), George, William and Bessie A. at home. Joseph Howard is retired and lives on the homestead which contains 140 acres, and is owned by William, who farms the same in conjunction with his brother George. William is a member of the Eramosa council. Edwin, b. on the farm, farmed in Eramosa for four years. in 1876 he came to Guelph, and was in the nursery business for some years. Since then he has been contracting for Bells about eighteen years. He is a Liberal in politics, and in religion a Disciple. He was Alderman for three years, He m. Annie, dau. of the late Noah Sunley. Issue: George, Mary, Charles (d.), and Emma. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto:Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	Parkinson, Joseph (I20172)
2272	http://www.rootsweb.com/~onwellin/pioneers/scarrow_james.htm SCARROW, James , is a son of William and Elizabeth Scarrow, both b. in England. William Scarrow was b. in Suffolk, Eng., in 1803, and at the age of twenty years enlisted in the British Army, serving three years, when he was stricken with partial paralysis, and was invalided home. About three of four years later he came to Canada and purchased Thomas McCullough's goodwill in the present Scarrow farm of 150 acres lot 16, con. 3, Eramosa, for which he later paid the Crown and received the deed. He cleared this farm , and he and his wife lived here until their death. Issue: William, in Owen Sound; James, on the old homestead, Earamosa; Josiah, Sullivan Tp.; Mariah (d.), Amabel Tp.; and David, in the N.-W. James m. Emma Kemp. Issue: Mrs. James Oakes, in Eramosa; Maggie, Mrs. George Stovel, in Acton; Philander, Mrs. Emma Robertson, in Guelph City, and William C. (d.). Philander m. Miss Ramsay, and runs the farm, his father having retired. From the beginning the family have been held in high esteem, as one of the substantial pioneer families of Eramosa. From: Historical Atlas of the County of Wellington, Ontario. Toronto:Historical Atlas Publishing Co., 1906	Scarrow, James (I20063)
2273	http://www.thestar.com/News/Ideas/article/541942 Toronto's 100-year battle over "pure milk" has its roots in the evolving priorities of urban centres Nov 23, 2008 04:30 AM Christine Sismondo SPECIAL TO THE STAR A little more than a hundred years ago, Mayor Joseph Oliver was sworn into office at Toronto's Old City Hall, vowing to clean up this burg. This was no metaphorical sweep of the broom Oliver was talking about. He meant it literally. His Jan. 13, 1908, inaugural address made it clear what three of his top priorities were: the construction of a trunk sewer, clean water and pure milk. Oliver's address was an articulation of the new priorities of urban centres in the early 20th century. And Toronto, in part because of activist journalism and the philanthropy of newsmen such as Joseph Atkinson and John Ross Robertson, was to become a leader in making those public-health ideals a reality. It wasn't going to happen all at once, though. While Oliver had said that the "establishment of a milk standard of the highest possible percentage (was) of the utmost importance," the best way to do that was going to be the subject of a debate that would rage for some time ? arguably to this day. To some, the answer was to test milk for a minimum three per cent butterfat content, to ensure there was no adulteration. It was common practice to dilute milk with water, skim fat off the milk, and to mask spoiled milk by adding molasses or even chalk. Even this proposal to test was surprisingly controversial. The Municipal Committee of the Legislature killed a "pure milk bill" on March 27, 1908, on the grounds that it might discriminate against some Holsteins who, it seems, had unusually lean milk. Others were proponents of certification, basically a regulation of the dairy industry by ensuring that barns and trucks were clean, equipment and bottles sterilized, and the product kept at a cool temperature across the supply chain. This solution was not terribly contentious, and the municipal Pure Milk Commission, established in 1908, advocated the adoption of these measures. However, putting the infrastructure in place for certification was going to take time. In the meantime, Dr. Charles J. Hastings, who would later become Toronto's Medical Officer of Health, had the bright idea to pasteurize all milk, certified or not. His 1907 visit to the pioneering Straus Milk laboratory in New York, and his understanding of Toronto public health, convinced him that unpasteurized milk was the main culprit in the spread of bovine tuberculosis and typhoid fever, and responsible for the death of 400 Toronto children per year. To make his point, Hastings began testing milk samples from various Toronto hospitals, and reported high levels of bacteria across the board. One hospital's milk (Hastings refrained from mentioning the facility's name) apparently had "no less than eight million bacteria per cubic centimetre." (A roughly contemporaneous study put the highest acceptable level at 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimetre.) The picture on this page appears to show filters through which milk has been poured, capturing the dirt found in one pint. These samples are from the City of Toronto Archives' Public Health Series, a collection of photos documenting the gains made in controlling disease through vaccinations, cleaner water, better sewage treatment and, of course, pure milk A current Toronto Archives exhibit, which draws from that collection, is called An Infectious Idea: 125 Years of Public Health in Toronto (and runs through 2009) and contains similar images. This photograph was taken Sept. 23, 1921. Hastings' hospital revelation, reported in the Sept. 14, 1908, Toronto Daily Star, didn't seem to faze Medical Health Officer Dr. Charles Sheard, who maintained that pasteurization "was not worth it," given the cost. Sheard was not Hastings' only opponent in the medical community. Many were dismayed that they might lose the right to give patients raw milk, which some doctors reported was easier for patients needing nourishment to digest than pasteurized. At a public debate with Hastings, Sheard advocated that, instead of pasteurizing milk, they should concentrate on improving the standards of its production. Hastings was quick to point out that this was a false dilemma ? there was, from his point of view, no reason not to do both ? and proceeded to skewer his opponent's faulty logic. In the Star, the subhead for the report on the debate read: "A Roast for Sheard." But there were valid arguments against pasteurization, too. As mentioned, doctors reported that patients had difficulties digesting pasteurized milk. And pasteurization threatened to drive up the cost of milk by 60 per cent, a significant increase for a household staple. That's probably when it occurred to philanthropists such as Atkinson, legendary publisher of the Star, that the problem wasn't so much pasteurization, or even bacteria, but poverty. After all, "pure" milk had been available at the City Dairy for years, but the poor couldn't afford to buy it. The first philanthropic outfit to address this disparity was a clinic at 88 Edward St. established in 1908 by the Toronto chapter of the Pure Milk League. There, half-pint bottles of certified milk could be purchased for two cents (roughly the same price as milk elsewhere). Those who couldn't afford that price were given the milk for free. That same year, around the corner at the Hospital for Sick Children, Robertson, founder of the rival Toronto Telegram, funded the installation of the first milk-pasteurization plant in a Toronto hospital. Not to be outdone, Atkinson stepped up his coverage of the Pure Milk campaign and started up the Infant's Pure Milk Fund. It was regularly covered in the Daily Star, including solicitations, shout-outs to donors, and funding totals, which were printed on the front page of the daily at least twice a week. In 1910, the Daily Star reported the establishment of a "pure milk depot" run by the Canadian Household Economic Association at the Jewish Free Dispensary on Elizabeth St. and the imminent opening of two more. Atkinson's fundraising had been crucial to the establishment of all three. Just as important was the change in public opinion that Atkinson's support had helped to effect. Hastings would win his seven-year war, and it would become mandatory that all milk in Toronto be pasteurized but for two certified raw-milk dispensaries. Yet the medical community remained divided, as some experts are now. On March 23, 1915, amidst headlines such as "Shells dropped from the clouds like fireworks" and "Narrows' Forts are still intact at Dardanelles," there was a Star news story about opposition from Dr. J.B. Fraser, who lamented the lack of raw milk for his sick patients. Said Fraser: "Instead of giving us the standard of butterfat, we get the standard of bugs." These arguments, however, held little weight in the court of public opinion and even less in the mayor's office, which was by then held by Tommy Church. As soon as Mayor Church had been reassured that Louis Pasteur was not German but French, he sided with Hastings ? and his standard of bugs. Seven years and two successors after Mayor Joseph Oliver expressed it, his vision of public health in Toronto was becoming a reality.	Hastings, Dr. Charles John Colwell Orr (I01411)
2274	http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/article/643159 LEGACIES Slums, what slums? Poverty seemed part of the natural order a century ago, when a prominent city official made graphic his call for civic action. Some of those images are in a remarkable new book of Toronto's official photography that mirrors our attitudes and ambitions since 1856. Kenneth Kidd Feature Writer It's not just that they don't smile. Scarcely anyone does in old photographs. What haunts is that look of dark cynicism in the eyes of even the smallest children, as if they are merely dwarf versions of the weary and grime-covered adults around them, slum-dwellers all, in the years just before World War I. This is a Toronto we often pretend didn't exist, a function of the long-standing national conceit that the country is somehow new, clean and innocent, virtually Pearsonian in its origins. When Arthur Goss took his slum pictures, hundreds of them, he laboured under no such illusions. As the city's staff photographer, he'd been commissioned by the crusading Charles Hastings, the city's medical health officer. A small sample of Goss's slum portraits appears in Toronto's Visual Legacy, recently published to celebrate official city photography since 1856. The slums were spread all over downtown Toronto, extending into what is now Nathan Phillips Square, in the shadows of Old City Hall. The juxtaposition of wealth and poverty, ceremony and squalor, is telling. It's not as if city elders were ignorant of the existence or extent of the slums. The difficulty was getting them to confront such social conditions, especially since many of those civic leaders would have considered such poverty to be simply part of the natural order, as it always had been. If, as historians often argue, the social and political mores of the 19th century really extended until World War I, then this was still a Dickensian battle. Friedrich Engels, for instance, famously set out to record working-class conditions in Britain. He found that a fifth of Liverpool's population, more than 45,000 people, were crowded into fewer than 8,000 "damp, badly ventilated cellar dwellings." This was in 1844, and it would soon move him to join Karl Marx in writing the Manifesto of the Communist Party, a passage from which reads: "All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life." What's so astonishing is that nearly identical passages grace myriad books and reports in subsequent decades, up to and including the special report that Hastings would pen in 1911. His effort approvingly quotes Sydney Webb, a Fabian socialist prominent in Britain, describing "the soul-destroying conditions of the one-roomed dwellings which make decent life impossible, involves the absence of proper light, or privacy, leading to physical and mental suffering and inefficiency." Hastings's own prose is equally direct about conditions in Toronto slums. "The teachings and examples of drunkards, thieves, filthy personalities, gamblers and prostitutes in large city slums are rarely ineffective," he writes. "A child born and reared amid such surroundings has about the same chance of escaping a life of shame or crime as an unvaccinated baby confined in a pest-house would have of escaping smallpox." In making the case for reform, Hastings is deft and studied, sprinkling some of the Goss portraits throughout his text. Such use of photography wasn't new. In New York, Jacob Riis had similarly photographed and written about slums for his 1890 book, How the Other Half Lives. But Riis was a former crime reporter turned social activist. This was Toronto's chief medical health officer commissioning the city's own photographer for an official report. It was an inside job. But Hastings still knew what he was up against, which is why he seems to appeal to different constituencies, yet without unduly offending the prejudices and political concerns of the day. He sets out, as Engels did nearly 70 years earlier, to quantify, quantify, quantify. The Victorians were enthralled with taxonomy, data, and a scientific approach. So is Hastings. Having divided the city into many districts, he then provides arresting anecdotes and statistical summaries from most of them. There's the house where 19 men sleep in three rooms, or the backyard slum that's reached by entering "a curious tunnellike passage from the street, down a dark and precipitous stairway, and up again into a back yard, where the house was found thus concealed." Tellingly, Hastings goes on to enumerate the slum-dwellers of one district by their "various foreign nationalities," 14 categories in all, from "Hebrew" (1,267 people) to "Finlanders" (2). This also allows him to note, in that day's common condescension, that "their ideas of sanitation are not ours" and to take aim at their landlords. "The foreign element, however, is responsible for these exorbitant rents, that is, those of them who have been a few years in the country and have acquired property in those districts." In other words, good Torontonians, we're not really blaming you for these conditions, just asking you to fulfill your Kiplingesque duty to help out these inferior foreigners. Not doing so is where the shame comes in. Hastings notes how, in three core districts, nearly 19,000 people share fewer than 4,500 privies, half of them outside. He calls that "a relic of barbarism which should no longer be tolerated." And later: "What we read of with disgust as having happened in the cities of Europe in the Middle Ages, happens now in Toronto before our very eyes. "The people of Toronto, or foreigners coming into Toronto, should not be permitted to be forced into such conditions." There is even an appeal to military sensibilities, at a time when Torontonians still had keen memories of the Boer War and Britain and Germany were locked in a long-running arms race. So Hastings dutifully notes how, in poor, working-class Manchester, home to similar slums, 11,000 men had tried to enlist for the Boer War. Of those, 8,000 were rejected outright, 2,000 managed to slip into the militia, while only 1,000 were considered to be in good enough physical shape to join the regular army. Having stated the numbers, Hastings lets the argument sit there, ungilded. "It is of great importance that the poorer classes of this Dominion should be provided with respectable housing accommodation in place of the disgusting hovels in which so many of them now exist." Hastings, who died in 1931, didn't live to see his dream of government-sponsored "garden cities" springing up on the outskirts of Toronto to house the poor. But his report did persuade the city to start installing indoor plumbing in the houses of the poor, billing the landlords for the cost. And the city would soon be building massive trunk sewers in earnest, something Goss would also be there to record.	Hastings, Dr. Charles John Colwell Orr (I01411)
2275	http://www.waterlooogs.ca/Newspapers/BerlinerJournal1860-72-StoZMarriages.PDF Dorathea Trapp and Georg Peppler, both of Waterloo Village, by Rev. Kaessmann on Nov. 25, 1866	Family: George Peppler / Dora Trapp (F2934)
2276	http://www.waterlooogs.ca/Newspapers/BerlinerJournal1873-77Births.PDF The wife of George Peppler in Waterloo gave birth to a daughter on August 16, 1875.	Peppler, Emma Maria (I10802)
2277	http://www.waterlooogs.ca/Newspapers/BerlinerJournal1873-77Births.PDF The wife of George Peppler in Waterloo gave birth to a son on March 28, 1873.	Peppler, William (I10807)
2278	http://www.waterlooogs.ca/Newspapers/BerlinerJournal1879Deaths.PDF 1 Jul 1879 Maria Seip, née Peppler, widow of George Seip, died in Berlin at age of 68 years, 8 months and 22 days. The burial takes place today (Thursday) at 2 p.m.	Peppler, Maria (I17668)
2279	http://www.waterlooogs.ca/Newspapers/BerlinerJournal1880Marriages.PDF Dec. 23, 1879 - Ruben Baumann and Louise Geiger, both of Berlin, were married by Preacher Baumann of Freeport. Print date Jan. 8, 1880.	Family: Reuben S. Bowman / Louisa H. Geiger (F3807)
2280	http://www.waynecook.com/zbradford.html#historya The following history is verbatim from the book "The History of Simcoe County" by Andrew F. Hunter. First published in 1909 and reproduced in 1948 by the Simcoe County Historical Society. WEST GWILLIMBURY BRADFORD AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD The settlers who first crossed the Holland River arrived in the fall of 1819, and were three Irishmen - James Wallace, Lewis Algeo and Robert Armstrong. Armstrong came from the County of Leitrim, with a family, and settled on lot 13, con. 6, within two miles of the present site of Bradford. He had a large family, chiefly boys, Christopher Thomas, John, Robert, William, Simon, James and Allan, from whom have come a numerous lineage. Christopher, the eldest, did not take up with bush life, but studied law, and afterwards became a judge in Carleton County. James Wallace, was a native of King's County, Ireland, and on arriving in West Gwillimbury he settled on the S. half, lot 14, con. 6. Near his place was the "Old Wharf," or "Wallace's Wharf," as many called it - the first crossing on the Holland River, used by the earliest settlers, until 1824, when the corduroy and floating bridge came into use. There was a ferry here, and a rope strung across the river, by which all the early settlers crossed in a boat. After Mr. Wallace arrived he married Martha Walker, whose family (Walker) became pioneers in Tecumseth. The first beef killed in the Township of West Gwillimbury was in Wallace's log barn. During the night following, a wolf crawled into the barn through a hole and ate so much beef that he could not get back through the hole, so they shot him in the barn next morning. Mr. Wallace died in March, 1848, aged 48 years. His family consisted of five sons and seven daughters, most of whom reached manhood and womanhood. Lewis Algeo, the pioneer of lot 13, con. 7, wore with him to the backwoods a belt or girdle containing seven hundred sovereigns, according to a custom of the time to carry one's coins in a belt. As it was easy to get rid of money fast in such a place and at such a time of hardship, his little pile of gold soon grew less. He was of Italian extraction, but immediately from Ireland, his wife being a daughter of Robert Armstrong, his pioneer neighbor. It is said she was the first white woman to cross the Holland River. Their children were partly grown when they came in 1819. The Algeo family made some clearing on the land mentioned, then sold it to Hugh Scobie, and afterwards had a small store in Bradford in its early days. Mr. Algeo's death occured in or about the year 1839, and his family mostly became permanent settlers in this county.	Algeo, Lewis R. (I05261)